The history of the Tower of London began shortly after the Norman Conquest in 1066 when William the Conqueror ordered its construction to assert his power over London. The central keep, known as the White Tower, was started around 1078 and was designed as a formidable fortress and a grand royal residence, fundamentally shaping English history for the next millennium.
The Norman Conquest and Foundation
Following his victory at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William, Duke of Normandy, was crowned King of England. To secure his new kingdom and intimidate the citizens of London, he began building a mighty fortress on the north bank of the River Thames. Construction on the stone keep, the White Tower, began around 1078 using pale limestone imported from Caen in Normandy, which gave the tower its name. This structure, 27 metres (90 feet) high, was a powerful symbol of Norman oppression and military might, dominating the Saxon city.
Medieval Expansion: Palace and Fortress
The Tower was not just a fortress but also a significant royal palace. Over the next two centuries, successive monarchs expanded and fortified the complex. King Richard I (the Lionheart) began a major expansion in the 1190s, digging a new moat and building the Bell Tower. His successors, Henry III and Edward I, transformed it into England's largest and strongest concentric castle during the 13th century.
Henry III and Edward I's Contributions
- Henry III (1216-1272): He greatly enhanced the Tower's role as a royal residence, building luxurious apartments within the Wakefield and Lanthorn Towers, which are now known as the Medieval Palace. In 1240, he ordered the White Tower to be whitewashed, reinforcing its name. He also established the Royal Menagerie in the 1230s after receiving three lions as a gift.
- Edward I (1272-1307): A great castle-builder, Edward I completed the defensive layout we see today. He built the outer defensive wall, creating the concentric design, and constructed a new water gate on the Thames, now known as Traitors' Gate. By 1285, his rebuild was largely complete, enclosing an area of almost 12 acres.
The Tudors: Prison and Intrigue
While still used as a royal residence, the Tower became more widely known as a state prison during the Tudor period. Its formidable security made it the ideal place to hold those who fell out of favour. This era saw some of the Tower's most famous and tragic events.
The 'Princes in the Tower', Edward V and his younger brother Richard, disappeared from the castle in 1483, presumed murdered. Later, two of Henry VIII's wives, Anne Boleyn (1536) and Catherine Howard (1542), were executed within its walls. The future Queen Elizabeth I was imprisoned here in 1554 by her half-sister, Queen Mary I, accused of plotting against her.
From Armoury to Attraction
Over the centuries, the Tower served many functions beyond that of a palace and prison. It was the home of the Royal Mint for over 500 years until 1810, an armoury, a treasury, and a public records office. The Royal Menagerie was a popular public attraction for centuries until the animals were moved to Regent's Park in 1835.
By the 19th century, many of these institutions had moved elsewhere, and the Tower's military use declined. Under the direction of the Duke of Wellington, the moat was drained in 1843. A major restoration project began, transforming the fortress into the national monument we know today. Its historical significance was formally recognised in 1988 when it was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Today, it is one of London's most popular tourist attractions, managed by Historic Royal Palaces. To experience this history first-hand, consider booking one of the available guided tours.
Frequently asked questions
When was the Tower of London built?
The Tower of London was founded by William the Conqueror after his invasion in 1066. The construction of the main stone keep, the White Tower, began around 1078 and was completed by 1100.
Who was the first prisoner in the Tower of London?
The first recorded prisoner in the Tower of London was Ranulf Flambard, the Bishop of Durham. He was imprisoned in 1100 by King Henry I for corruption but famously escaped in 1101 by climbing down a rope smuggled to him in a wine cask.
Has the Tower of London ever been attacked?
Yes, the Tower of London has been besieged several times throughout its history, although its defences only failed once. In 1381, during the Peasants' Revolt, rebels stormed the castle through open gates and seized the Lord Chancellor.
Who lives in the Tower of London today?
Today, the Tower of London is home to the Yeoman Warders (also known as 'Beefeaters') and their families. The Resident Governor of the Tower and a small garrison of soldiers also live within its walls.
Walk through centuries of British history. Secure your spot and book tickets to visit the Tower of London today.